; TeX output 1999.05.18:1136af [(VSMNH cmbx12Class T{1:TheNatureand"History T{ofAI#􍍍XQ ff cmr12Selmer/BringsjordlMay/18,1999XQ cmr121*af [(&8Course T{Mec8hanics+2I!",H cmsy10D_DtHGcmr17The\W eltYyNomenclature"?gq cmmi12h(2ID_EvYerything isontheW ebcw#|andD_thesitewillgroYw2ID_F romsyllabus?hJZ{^9qtexts#JZ{^9qgradingat2TtYwo exams(w/review&pre-t2Tview) at2TthreeprogrammingproLjectsJZ{^9qscYheduleJZ{^9qcomputingresourcesat2TAYCL"Lite"at2TLP Aat2TMCL2>af [( 땿&<-Nq cmbx12InZtro toAIShow͟ffs*InZtro toAI'kff0Rff0RDtqGcmr17script ffs*notesff0RshouNwbffs*courseff0RhostXZffs*Selmerff0RagenuNtffffs*Selimff0Rproducerkaffs*ChuNungBKimff0RsidekicuNkslffs*JR9000,BRalph,Brutusff0RscuNhedulep-ffs*syllabusff0RTheBNetuNworkHKffs*RSVP/PDEff0RseasonKffs*semesterff0RviewuNerBmailV__ffs*evaluationsff0Rstudioffs*classroomff0RhomeBviewuNersF@Pffs*o -siteBviewuNersff0RstudioBaudience4$ffs*on-siteBstudenuNtsff0RsurvuNeyffs*testff0RtimeBslotl˟ffs*scuNheduledBmeetingtimeff0RcompetitionRffs*Oprah,BGeraldo,:t::ff0RinBmakuNeup^ffs*plauNyingBgolfortennis3$af [(&'What T{isAI?+2ID_TheT uringTest(JZ{^9qT uring'ssetupcp#JZ{^9qthe\circus"vYersioncp2ID_TTinBladeRunnercv4 af [((2ID_R&N'sMatrix:?넍Kzff<=פfbͤffΟfbDtGGcmr17Thinking7tHumanly͡ffffThinking7tRationallyRyffͤffΟfb(Cog7tSci)HZffff(Idealized7tLogic)0Uffff<=ןff<=סͤffΟfbActing7tHumanly=ffff&NG cmbx12ActingzRationally ffͤffΟfb(TVuring7tTest),_ffff(The7tAgenqtApproach)͟ffff<=׎Hˍ2ID_Is ttherereallyadi erencebaetYweenD_the NrighYttwobaoxes, giventhatit'sD_paossibleLtounderstand`acting'sothatD_`thinking'isacting?5 af [(('Classifyinthematrix: PAIis)덍,1.D_\a ͨcollectionofalgorithmsthatareD_computationallytractable,!adequateD_approYximations ofintractablyspaeci-D_ edproblems"(PYartridge,1991)':,2.D_\theLenYterpriseofconstructingaphys-D_icalsymYbaolsystemthatcanreliablyD_passLtheT uringTest"(Ginsbaerg,nf1993,3.D_\the  eldofcomputersciencethatD_studies vhoYwmachinescanbaemadeD_toactinYtelligently"(Jackson,1986),4.D_\a L eldofstudythatencompassesD_computaionl tecYhniquesforpaerform-D_ing]tasksthatapparenYtlyrequirein-D_telligenceLwhenpaerformedbYyhumans"D_(T animoto,1990),5.D_\a ͨvYerygeneralinvestigationoftheD_naturevofinYtelligenceandtheprinci-6af [((D_pleslandmecYhanismsrequiredforun-D_derstandingLorreplicatingit"(SharplesD_'@H cmti12etDal.,1989)(,6.D_\theLgettingofcomputerstodothingsD_that seemtobaeinYtelligent" (Rowe,D_1988)7af [(&'More T{onWhatisAI?+2ID_Are$R&ScorrectthatthedistinctionD_baetYweenLtractableandinYtractableprob-D_lems&jismoreimpaortanYtthatthatbe-D_tYweensolv?ableandunsolvable?(2ID_WhatLabaout\Strong"vYersus\W eak"D_AI?JZ{^9qBringsjord asrabidpropaonenYtof^9q\W eak"[*AI,oppaonenYtof\Strong"^9qAI8 af [(&'A8ttitudes+2ID_Ripley'sinAlienscv(2ID_OurstoYwardHAL9000cv2ID_OurstoYwardDeepBluecw9 Caf [(&'History T{ofAIgH cmmi12:%::+2ID_AIstartedLatDartmouthConference?D_Hardly: PseecoYverofAIMAtext!(2ID_TwYohorsesinarace?2ID_ShouldbaeahYybridapproach 10 Qaf [(&'AI T{To da8y%:9'CanLthefolloYwingtaskscurrentlybaesolved'bYycomputers?+,1.D_PlaYyingXadecentgameofPoker,Go,D_tabletennis.(,2.D_DrivinginthecenYterofCairo.,3.D_PlaYying3bridgeatacompaetitivelevel.,4.D_DiscoYveringoandproYvingnewmath-D_ematicaltheorems.,5.D_W ritingcaninYtentionallycfunnystory .,6.D_Giving UcompaetenYtlegaladviceinaD_spaecializedareaoflaYw.,7.D_T ranslatingvAspaokYenEnglishintospao-D_kYenSwedishinrealtime. 11 af [(*=PSfile="fig01.02.ps" llx=23 lly=258 urx=559 ury=495 rwi=1440 jUFigure1:8Exampleproblemsolvredby(- cmcsc10Analogy.KG2ID_Suppaose wYeextendEv?ans'ANAL-D_OGY zprogram {sothatitcanscoreD_200 ?onastandardIQ >test.RW ouldD_wYe thanhaveaprogrammoreintel-D_ligenYtthanahuman?(2ID_Can macYhinestoadayaceIQ tests?D_(W arwicYk) 12 af [(&'The T{Future+,1.D_Robot:cMereMachinetoT"Lranscen-D_dantDMind,bYyHansMoravec(,2.D_The8UAgeofSpiritualMachines:WhenD_ComputersԸExceedHumanIntel>wli-D_gencebYyRayKurzweil,3.D_When8UThingsStarttoThinkLbYyNeilD_Gershen eld,4.D_March noftheMachines:WhytheD_NewRaceofRobotsWil>wlR`uletheD_WorldbYyKevinW arwick 13Saf [('Some T{Test-Cases 14 Ġaf [(&'\Num8b er T{Sense"I𻍟*Yu@PSfile="secrets2.xfig.eps" llx=0 lly=0 urx=137 ury=137 rwi=2880 vFigure2:8SecretsProblem{3rdGradeNYS.9'QAnVicYky's secretnumbaerisinsidetheD_4. It8isoutsidethe TqH lasy102.ItisgreaterD_than<7butlessthan10. 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Thenatural-'isttellsyYouaruleabaoutnativeinsects'andEyYouneedto ndoutifanyviolate'therule. PTheruleis:+'RAIf aninsectisaspade y , dMthenitisD_blacYk.' Uffd ^ٓRcmr71K`y cmr10I'm-indebtedtoKathrynV*erzoniandKarenSwanfortheirstimulatingpapGer\On thejNatureandDevelopmentjofConditionalReasoninginEarlyAdolescnece,"*': cmti10Applie}'dCo}'gnitivePsychologyUU+"V cmbx109:213-234(1995).qThisexamplecomesdirectlyfromthispapGer. 19*eaf [(('1:޴Y ousDseeaninsectthatisaspade y.D_WhicYhofthefollowingwouldbaetrueD_abaoutLtheinsectifitviolatestherule?(D_aWTheinsectisblacYk.#D_bY̵Theinsectisgreen.D_cVThe `coloroftheinsectdoaesnot^9qmatter. The insectcanbaeanYy^9qcoloruandstillnotviolatetherule.\"'RAIf aninsectisaspade y , dMthenitisD_blacYk. 20.#af [(('2:޴Y ou{seeaninsectthatisgreen. H4WhicYhD_ofthefolloYwingwouldbaetrueaboutD_theinsectifitviolatestherule?(D_aWTheinsectisaspade y .#D_bY̵TheinsectisabaevYelwasp.D_cVThe `coloroftheinsectdoaesnot^9qmatter. The insectcanbaeanYy^9qtYypae+andstillnotviolatetherule.\"'RAIf aninsectisaspade y , dMthenitisD_blacYk. 210vaf [(('3:޴Y ouaseeaninsectthatisabaevYelwasp.D_WhicYhofthefollowingwouldbaetrueD_abaoutLtheinsectifitviolatestherule?(D_aWTheinsectisblacYk.#D_bY̵Theinsectisgreen.D_cVThe `coloroftheinsectdoaesnot^9qmatter. The insectcanbaeanYy^9qcoloruandstillnotviolatetherule.\"'RAIf aninsectisaspade y , dMthenitisD_blacYk. 222af [(>&'\The DreadsburyMansionMystery"8Someone Z|wholivuNesinDreadsburyMansion'killedAunuNtAgatha.N6Agatha, nthebutler,and'Charles livuNeinDreadsburyMansion, andare'theUonlypeoplewholivuNetherein.AUkilleral-'wuNayshateshisvictim,ӵandisnevuNerricherthan'his ivictim.KCharleshatesnoonethatAunuNt'Agathahates.AgathahatesevuNeryoneexcept'thebutler.]ThebutlerhatesevuNeryonenotricuNher'thanAunuNtAgatha. Thebutlerhateseveryone'Agathaljhates. NoonehatesevuNeryone.Agatha'isBnotthebutler.8NouNw,dgiven*theabouNve*clues,thereisabitof'a 3disagreemenuNtbetweenthree(incompetent?)'NorwuNegianKdetectives: InspectorBjornissure'thatCharlesdidn'tdoit. IsherighuNt?Inspector'ReidarissurethatitwuNasasuicide.4Isheright?'InspectorZOlafissurethatthebutler,zdespite'conuNventionalBwisdom,isinnocenuNt.mIsheright? 235?af [(ʍ*5S4>PSfile="dread.prob.ps" llx=29 lly=59 urx=584 ury=733 rwi=3600 u "Figure3:8StartofDreadsburyinHypSerproof. 24:=af [(6,wYu=PSfile="fig01.03.ps" llx=13 lly=245 urx=599 ury=543 rwi=2880 b\EFigure4:8SituationinBloScrksWVorld(\Hyperproof"). 25; ;af+"V cmbx10*': cmti10(- cmcsc10'@H cmti12&NG cmbx12 TqH lasy10gq cmmi12gH cmmi12DtGGcmr17!",H cmsy10DtHGcmr17XQ ff cmr12NH cmbx12Nq cmbx12DtqGcmr17XQ cmr12K`y cmr10ٓRcmr7<