; TeX output 1999.05.20:1233af [(VNH cmbx12Class T{2:JSome T{Lisp;TheNatureofVuAgen8ts; T{Search&GamenPla8ying#􍍍XQ ff cmr12Selmer/BringsjordlMay/20,1999XQ cmr121*af [(&'Misc T{Stu +2I!",H cmsy10D_DtHGcmr17Reminder: Classupictorialroster,xxw/D_emailaddresses&wYebsitesgH cmmi12:%::(2ID_W e 3arelearningtoassemYbletoaolkitD_:%::hzforμbuildingthingsJZ{^9qancYhor,learningwithconstanteye^9qat(micro)construction#JZ{^9qandZgamesproYvideoppaortunities,^9qe.g.,#-H cmcsc10Guess f&Who?JZ{^9qbut2alsopaonderyYourowndomain,^9qconstanYtly2qaf [(&'Programming T{P8aradigms+2ID_Proacedural(JZ{^9qe.g.,nfT uringLmacYhines,Registerma-^9qcYhines#JZ{^9qandQfamiliarlanguages(e.g.,WPYas-^9qcal)2ID_F unctionalJZ{^9q\Pure"Lisp2ID_DeclarativYeJZ{^9qonlyProlog#JZ{^9qTheoremLProYvers(forus:ϏOTTER)36af [(&'First T{Lo ok@Code+2ID_NASAandimmobaotsandLispgq cmmi12j(2ID_Respaonsecr2ID_SomeLispJZ{^9qRalph'sLinYterrogationre.networth#JZ{^9q\virtualfences"2ID_On [thedelarativYefront: iSECRETSD_inOTTER4Iaf [(&'The T{Agen8tApproach+2ID_WhatisagenYt,putsimply?(JZ{^9qSkinnerwYouldbaeproud#JZ{^9qSeethepicture: P2.12ID_RationalitYyLvs.Omniscience:ϏthecaseD_ofthe747doaor2ID_De nitionofRationalitYy?h5af [(&'Rationalit8y'ThatswhicYhisrationalatagiventime'depaendsonfourthings:+,1.D_The 9paerformancemeasurethatde-D_ nesdegreesofsuccess.(,2.D_Thepaerceptsequence.,3.D_WhatKDtheagenYtknowsabaouttheen-D_vironmenYt,4.D_TheactionstheagenYtcanpaerform.6 ͠af [(&'De nition8Rofidealrationalagen8t:+'Ideal T{RationalAgen8t-JF orLeacYhpaos-D_sibleopaerceptsequence,sucYhanagentD_doaes whatevYeractionisexpectedtoD_maximize &itspaerformancemeasure,D_on thebasisoftheevidencedpro-D_vided bYythepaerceptsequenceandD_whatevYerLbuilt-inknowledgetheagentD_has.2ID_What=doyYouthink? kIsthisaccept-D_able?7 af [(('W e'reconcenYtratingontheprogram:+2ID_agenYt=architecture+program8 af [(&'In8telligent gAgents; z]SomeQues-'tions&4!5!",q cmsy10D_DtqGcmr17WhuNywouldanidealrationalagentneedtoD_hauNveBwhatR&Ncall`autonomuNy'*?#4!5D_WhatBwuNouldaP_AGEdescriptionforLNq cmbx12{^9qBRuNUTUSL{^9qSHERLOCKct2TSECRETSct2TGUESSBWHO?L{^9qSy?3ǺGBBOTD_lookBlikuNe?4!5D_WILLARD:BAsimplere exagenuNt9 af [(&N\En8vironments T{:%:: 10 qaf [(&'Prop erties T{ofEn8vironments+'AccessibleeThekagenYt'ssensoryappa-D_ratusǍgivYesitaccesstothecompleteD_stateoftheenYvironment.('DeterministicThe HnextstateoftheD_enYvironmentLiscompletelydeterminedD_bYythecurrentstateandtheactionsD_selectedbYytheagent.'Episo dic&fThe7agenYt'sexpaerienceisdi-D_vided =KinYto\episoades,"eachepisoadeD_conistinghoftheagenYtpaerceivingandD_thenacting. 11 af [(('Statict$If .theenYvironment .cancYhangeD_whilectheagenYtisdelibaerating,thenD_the enYvironmentisdynamic; Gother-D_wiseit'sstatic.('DiscretequThere arealimitednYumbaerD_of distinct, Oclearlyde nedpaerceptsD_and?actionswYesaythattheenviron-D_menYtisdiscrete. 12 af [(8qff{:HͤffΟEnZv.C"ffffAcc͟ffDet͟ffXEpff [,Static͟ffSDis͟ffkff{:HͤffΟChessAcffffY_es ~ffY_es HffNo,ffSemiX>ffV @Y_esD5ffͤffΟHyperbot"8ԡffffY_es ~ffY_es Hff㸋Y_es͟ffY_es"SffV @Y_esD5ffͤffΟBRuNUTUS!7zffffs?~ffo+?ݟff퍳?ff%?{ff_h?]ffͤffΟSHERLOCK͡ffffs?~ffo+?ݟff퍳?ff%?{ff_h?]ffͤffΟSy?3ǺGPYffffs?~ffo+?ݟff퍳?ff%?{ff_h?]ffff{:HGj= 13af [((2ID_GUESSzWHO?andtheenYvironmentD_simYulator:%::(2ID_GUESSWHO?andproblem-solvingD_agenYts(search: PFigure3.1):%:: 14Ϡaf [(&'Searc8h T{&GamePlaying+2ID_Problem-SolvingLAgenYt(pseudoacode)(2ID_Example: GProblemlin8-queensprob-D_lemJZ{^9qGoalT est,9PYathCost,States,Op-^9qerators#JZ{^9qexplore, ~build onyYourownhere;^9qwYe'llreturntoit 15af [(&'Minimax, T{Chess,Go:%::+2ID_Theminimaxalgorithm(JZ{^9qTic-T ac-Toae( gure)#JZ{^9qTwYo-PlyExample( gure)2ID_Is >thereapaerfectwinningstrategyD_forChess? PY es!JZ{^9qbuttoaocomputationallydemand-^9qing,soev?aluationfunction#JZ{^9qand ( pruning( gures)2ID_\ChessisT oaoEasy"2ID_WhatIGabaoutGoandPYoker,Tthough? 16af [(o!Q*Yu=PSfile="fig02.01.ps" llx=47 lly=610 urx=386 ury=763 rwi=2880 amFigure1:8AgenrtOverview.|*'>PSfile="fig02.03.ps" llx=148 lly=385 urx=533 ury=655 rwi=4320 %Figure2:8SamplePVArGEDescriptions. 17!7af [(F*5S4>PSfile="fig02.08.ps" llx=148 lly=339 urx=533 ury=436 rwi=3600 3Figure3:8SimpleRe exAgenrt.zލ*5S4>PSfile="fig02.10.ps" llx=148 lly=328 urx=533 ury=447 rwi=3600 e~Figure4:8SimpleRe exAgenrtWithInternalState.M*'>PSfile="fig02.13.ps" llx=148 lly=512 urx=533 ury=655 rwi=4320 [Figure5:8ExamplesofEnrvironmentsandTheirCloScrks. 18"af [(z*'>PSfile="fig02.14.ps" llx=148 lly=295 urx=533 ury=480 rwi=4320  Figure6:8BasicEnrvironmentSimulator.&{*'>PSfile="fig03.01.ps" llx=148 lly=295 urx=533 ury=480 rwi=4320 eFigure7:8SimpleProblem-SolvingAgenrt 19$af [(;5*'>PSfile="fig05.01.ps" llx=-23 lly=170 urx=612 ury=622 rwi=4320 )Figure8:8SearcrhTVreeforT-T-T.݌*'=PSfile="fig05.02.ps" llx=76 lly=588 urx=417 ury=725 rwi=4320 Figure9:8Twro-PlyGame. 20&af [(w*5S4=PSfile="fig05.06.ps" llx=76 lly=588 urx=417 ury=725 rwi=3600 `ٹFigure10:8Twro-PlyGameGeneratedbyAlpha-Beta.z؍*Yu=PSfile="fig05.07.ps" llx=54 lly=511 urx=297 ury=775 rwi=2880 ?Figure11:8GeneralizedAlpha-Beta. 21'z;af#-H cmcsc10!",q cmsy10gq cmmi12gH cmmi12!",H cmsy10DtHGcmr17XQ ff cmr12NH cmbx12Nq cmbx12DtqGcmr17XQ cmr12(