÷ƒ’À;è TeX output 1999.06.08:0920‹ÿÿÿÿ ©K… ý>‘ì £n ý¬xV‘d†óÂÖN G® cmbx12»The–záIn›ÿuÂtro‘Š=duction“to“Arti cial“In˜telligence“Sho˜wŽŸ’Í$-óKñ`y cmr10²Summer‘UU1999ŽŸlÏ’£M¡óX«Q cmr12¼Professor–ê¨Selmer“BringsjordŽŽ¤‘bwÂDept.–ê¨of“Philosophš¬ry‘ÿV,“Psyc˜hology“&“Cognitiv˜e“ScienceŽŽ¡’•êDepartmen¬rt–ê¨of“Computer“ScienceŽŽ¡‘w/%Director,–ê¨The“Minds“󛻈@ cmti12È&“¼Mac¬rhines“LabSŽoratoryŽŽ¡’˜_Rensselaer›ê¨P•¬rolytec“hnic˜InstituteŽŽ¡’Ã^T‘ÿVro¬ry–ê¨NY“12180ŽŽ¡‘-J0(518)–ê¨276-8105“(P›ÿV,“Oce)“ó!",š cmsy10“¼(518)“276-4849“(P˜,“Lab)““¼(518)“276-4871“(F)ŽŽ¡’ ì7Oce–ê¨Hours:‘8àW‘ÿVed“10:30-12nŽŽ¡‘fá³ó߆µT cmtt12Éselmer@rpi.edu–ê¨Â“Éhttp://www.rpiscrews.us/ÂÉbringsŽŽ¡‘Hú+¼Course–ê¨W‘ÿVeb“site:‘8àÉhttp://www.rpiscrews.us/ÂÉbrings/intai.htmlŽŽŽŽŽ —&k’ÖP²¼5/18/99ŽŸIÄó ÂÖN ff cmbx12Ë1Ž‘LËGeneral‘ffOrienŒÌtationŽŸq‹óKñ`y ó3 cmr10¹This–tãcourse“folloš²!ws“Norvig“and“Russell“(the“authors“of“our“main“textb•MÞo“ok)–tãin“in˜troMÞducing“arti cialޤ ™šinš²!telligence–Tñ(AI)‘TÄthrough“the“design“and“building“of“in˜telligen˜t“agen˜ts,‘€”whic˜h“no˜w“routinely“turnŽ¡up–ã-in“the“markš²!etplace.‘”3It“includes“in˜troMÞduction“to,‘ò_and“signi can˜t“dev˜elopmen˜t“in,‘ò_Common“LispŽ¡(some–Ýhands-on“programming“in“theorem“pro•²!v“ers–Ýis“proš²!vided“as“w˜ell),‘ê¸the“programming“languageŽ¡traditionally–+CassoMÞciated“with“AI‘*ßin“the“United“States.‘ ltPlease“note“that“Lisp“is“a“\real-w²!orld"Ž¡language–ßFfor“\real“w²!orld"“problems“and“tasks.‘ˆ~NASA's“\Deep“Space“1"“probMÞe,›-~for“example,˜isŽ¡conš²!trolled–Jºreal“time“b˜y“Lisp,‘]with“Earth-based“engineers“able“to“bring“up“do˜wn“here“a“Lisp“promptŽ¡alloš²!wing–¦fthem“to“con˜trol“DS1“in“space.Ž¡‘This–pcourse“seeks“to“explain“AI‘as“a“set“problems,–i²tec²!hniques,“formalisms,“algorithms,“andŽ¡engineering–6Ýob‘›»jectiv²!es;‘\ AI‘6Áis“not“the“same“as,›M,nor“is“it“to“bMÞe“inseparably“joined“with,˜an²!y“particularŽ¡programming–ÝÛlanguage.‘„‘ì £n ý€‘쑹Bringsjord–vis“the“Director“of“the“Minds“ó*ý': ó3 cmti10Õ&“¹Macš²!hines“Lab“at“RPI,“and“elemen˜ts“of“this“lab,‘6swhic˜hޤ ™šis–`Ädevš²!oted“to“AI‘`”and“the“closely“related“ elds“of“applied“cognitiv˜e“science“and“cognitiv˜e“systemsŽ¡engineering,‘7will–êbšMÞe“in²!tro˜duced.‘¯´F‘ÿeor“example,‘7our“co•²!v“erage–êof“rob˜otics“will“probably“b˜e“\jazzed“up"Ž¡with–µ÷actual“robMÞots“from“the“MÕ&¹M‘µóLab“(and“so“wš²!e“ma˜y“do“some“ligh˜t“programming“in“In˜teractiv˜eŽ¡C).Ž©"€AË2Ž‘LËT‘þ¦feac•ŒÌhing‘ffAssistan“tŽŸq‹¹Our–¥ßT‘ÿeA‘¥is“Selim“Gurun“(ó+ßê‘ì £n ý€‘ì¹for–àßsitting“doš²!wn“with“Lisp“and“expMÞerimen˜ting.‘H(Indeed,‘/}b˜y“Shapiro's“ligh˜ts,‘/}Lisp“programs“areޤ ™šwritten–øíbš²!y“sitting“do˜wn“and“gradually“ev˜olving“a“program“in“in˜teraction“with“Lisp.)‘ÕsBringsjord'sŽ¡o•²!wn›ðÌco“v“erage˜of˜Lisp˜will˜not˜stic“k˜closely˜to˜(S).˜He˜will˜presuppMÞose˜most˜of˜the˜material˜in˜thisŽ¡text,‘grather–ýšthan“wš²!orking“from“it“(though“m˜y“o˜wn“coMÞde“will“refer“to“appropriate“sections“in“(S).)Ž¡Some–aHparts“of“(S)‘aare“particularly“relev‘ÿdDanš²!t,‘others“aren't;‘¾¹w˜e'll“discuss“this.‘„(E.g.,‘pac˜k‘ÿdDages“willŽ¡not–¦fbšMÞe“imp˜ortan²!t“for“us,“though“they“could“b˜e“crucial“in“some“con²!texts.)Ž¡‘If–Õ¥y²!ou“bšMÞecome“serious“ab˜out“Common“Lisp“and“AI,“t•²!w“o–Õ¥b˜o˜oks“should“ nd“their“w•²!a“y›Õ¥in“to˜y“ourŽ¡library‘ÿe,‘¦fviz.,Ž©M4‘æi¸ŽŽŽ‘`ØCommon–*ôLisp:“The“L‘ÿ}'anguage²,–"2nd›ù„edition,“b¸ãy˜Guy˜Steele.‘^T(Actually‘ÿ*ª,“this˜text˜is˜recommended˜forŽŸ ‘`the–UUpresenš¸ãt“course.‘qÇIt“pro˜vides“the“complete“and“de 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S(E.g.,›#,all“class“slides,˜all“handouts,Ž¡all–4ópractice“exams,›X–all“demos,˜etc.“will“bšMÞe“distributed“via“the“w²!eb“site.)‘‰„Demos“and“co˜de“will“b˜eŽ¡a²!v‘ÿdDailable–Æœin“simple“ASCIšMÞI;“handouts“and“slides“will“generally“b˜e“a²!v‘ÿdDailable“in“dvi,–Ϊp˜ostscript,“h²!tml,Ž¡and–¦fpMÞdf.‘ÝÝBringsjord“will“of“course“explain“all“of“this.Ž¡‘All–i€studenš²!ts“will“ob˜viously“need“to“ha˜v˜e“a“Common“Lisp“pac˜k‘ÿdDage“a˜v‘ÿdDailable“to“them.‘ÉIt“m˜ust“bMÞeŽ¡ÕCommon–ñ¹Lisp.‘¿òY‘ÿeou“can“acquire“a“free“vš²!ersion“of“Allegro“CL‘ñ¯(the“\Lite")“v˜ersion“from“F‘ÿeranz“Inc.Ž¡|–,‰a“link“to“this“companš²!y“can“bMÞe“found“on“the“w˜eb“site“for“this“course.‘pGThis“pac˜k‘ÿdDage“is“for“WinŽ¡95/NT.–î¥(A‘î’Linš²!ux“v˜ersion“of“A˜CL‘î’is“also“a˜v‘ÿdDailable“for“no“c˜harge.)‘¶šDigitoMÞol“Inc.“o ers“an“excellen˜tŽ¡Mac–rvš²!ersion“of“CL,“but“it's“expMÞensiv˜e“(the“link“is“on“our“site).‘§7There“are“a“n˜um˜bMÞer“of“public“domainŽ¡CL‘x“pacš²!k‘ÿdDages–xŸ oating“around“the“Net;‘‡ásome“are“prett˜y“darn“stable.‘ΛAs“a“fallbac˜k,‘Çall“studen˜ts“ha˜v˜eŽ¡access–¦fto“Kyš²!oto“Common“Lisp“b˜y“telnet“in˜to“R˜CS.ަË6Ž‘LËScŒÌheduleŽŸq‹¹Note:ŽŸ4‘lÐó"!",š ó3 cmsy10ÍŽŽŽ‘`¹It–O?seems“all“great“shoš²!ws“ha˜v˜e“at“least“one“lost“episoMÞde.‘ÀÐThe“In˜tro“to“AI‘O)Sho˜w“is“no“exception:Ž¡‘`wš²!e– -do“indeed“ha˜v˜e“ó!  b> ó3 cmmi10Ì:–Ó1:“:Ž‘Þ½¹\The“Lost“EpisoMÞde"“|“a“supplemen˜tary“lecture“on“the“propMÞositionalŽ¡‘`calculus–ˆ(Ch.“6“in“R&N).“F–ÿeortunately“,‘Ž&this–ˆepisošMÞde“has“b˜een“found.‘ÓÂIt“will“b˜e“made“a²!v‘ÿdDailableŽ¡‘`in–¦fthe“library“for“the“studio“audience,“and“will“bMÞe“mailed“to“home“view²!ers.ޤ"h‘lÐÍŽŽŽ‘`¹Eacš²!h–¦fclass“meeting“results“in“t˜w˜o“lectures,“and“hence“t˜w˜o“tapMÞes.Ž¡‘lÐÍŽŽŽ‘`¹Our–Ô& nal“exam“comes“during“the“t•²!w“o-da“y–Ô& nal“exam“p•MÞerio“d–Ô&after“normal“course“meeting“timesŽŸ ™š‘`are›¦fo•²!v“er.‘ÝÝThe˜exact˜time˜of˜the˜exam˜for˜the˜studio˜audience˜will˜bMÞe˜set˜b“y˜the˜Registrar.ŽŽŸ’è#×3ŽŽŒ‹E ©K… ý>‘ì £n ý€‘쑹All–¦freadings“in“the“follo²!wing“table“refer“to“(R&N):ŽŸrI˜‘ ’ŸÙš‰ff”œ¤³1ÌͤLÏ„ ff‘ÌΟü³1ó.t ‰: cmbx9ÙDate‘ÌÍ¡„ ffŽ‘(]rClassÏ#‘ÌÍŸLÏ„ ffŽ‘TM@ÙLecÏ#s‘ÌÍŸLÏ„ ffŽ‘{­ÙT‘ÿÌopic’”6 ŸLÏ„ ffŽ’/ŠpReading‘>µLŸLÏ„ ffŽŽ©³5‰ff”œŸ‰ff”œ¡ÌͤLÏ„ ff‘ÌΟü³1Ï5/18‘ ªE¡„ ffŽ‘(]r1‘!œŸLÏ„ ffŽ‘TM@1/2‘L”ŸLÏ„ ffŽ‘{­Nature–T&“History“of“AI‘NWŸLÏ„ ffŽ’/ŠpCh.‘T1‘NÅ‘ŸLÏ„ ffŽŽ¤ ÌͤLÏ„ ff‘ÌΟü³15/20‘ ªE¡„ ffŽ‘(]r2‘!œŸLÏ„ ffŽ‘TM@3/4‘L”ŸLÏ„ ffŽ‘{­The–TAgenš¾9t“Approac˜h;“Searc˜h;“Games‘/zŸLÏ„ ffŽ’/ŠpChs.–T2,“3,“5‘6‘WŸLÏ„ ffŽŽ¡ÌÍŸLÏ„ ff‘!÷ „ ffŽ‘N ŸLÏ„ ffŽ‘uyΟLÏ„ ffŽ‘{­Pro‘ƒŽject–T1“out‘wÏÖŸLÏ„ ffŽ’”hÛŸLÏ„ ffŽŽ¡ÌͤLÏ„ ff‘ÌΟü³15/25‘ ªE¡„ ffŽ‘(]r3‘!œŸLÏ„ ffŽ‘TM@5/6‘L”ŸLÏ„ ffŽ‘{­Logical–TAgenš¾9ts;“F˜OL;“KBs‘BkRŸLÏ„ ffŽ’/ŠpChs.–T6,“7‘@ØoŸLÏ„ ffŽŽ¡ÌͤLÏ„ ff‘ÌΟü³15/27‘ ªE¡„ ffŽ‘(]r4‘!œŸLÏ„ ffŽ‘TM@7/8‘L”ŸLÏ„ ffŽ‘{­Inference;–TReasoning“Systems‘6a¼ŸLÏ„ ffŽ’/ŠpChs.–T8,“9‘@ØoŸLÏ„ ffŽŽ¡ÌÍŸLÏ„ ff‘!÷ „ ffŽ‘N ŸLÏ„ ffŽ‘uyΟLÏ„ ffŽ‘{­Pro›ƒŽject–T1“due;“Pro˜ject“2“out‘;FYŸLÏ„ ffŽ’”hÛŸLÏ„ ffŽŽ¡ÌͤLÏ„ ff‘ÌΟü³16/1‘JC¡„ ffŽ‘(]r5‘!œŸLÏ„ ffŽ‘TM@9/10‘¬–ŸLÏ„ ffŽ‘{­Diagrammatic–TReasoning;“Review‘%÷ŸLÏ„ ffŽ’/ŠpCh.–T10.1-10.3,“10.4-10.9‘ÌÍŸLÏ„ ffŽŽ¡ÌÍŸLÏ„ ff‘!÷ „ ffŽ‘N ŸLÏ„ ffŽ‘uyΟLÏ„ ffŽ‘{­ÙMidterm’„fCŸLÏ„ ffŽ’”hÛŸLÏ„ ffŽŽ¡ÌͤLÏ„ ff‘ÌΟü³1Ï6/3‘JC¡„ ffŽ‘(]r6‘!œŸLÏ„ ffŽ‘TM@11/12‘ ˜ŸLÏ„ ffŽ‘{­Planning’‰±ŸLÏ„ ffŽ’/ŠpCh.‘T11‘J%“ŸLÏ„ ffŽŽ¡ÌͤLÏ„ ff‘ÌΟü³16/8‘JC¡„ ffŽ‘(]r7‘!œŸLÏ„ ffŽ‘TM@13/14‘ ˜ŸLÏ„ ffŽ‘{­Uncertain•¾9t“y:–TÔOscarÏ;“creativit¾9y:“ÔBrÌÌutusŸÿÿ¾1Ž‘ ÷tŸLÏ„ ffŽ’/ŠpÏTBA‘P³pŸLÏ„ ffŽŽ¡ÌͤLÏ„ ff‘ÌΟü³16/10‘ ªE¡„ ffŽ‘(]r8‘!œŸLÏ„ ffŽ‘TM@15/16‘ ˜ŸLÏ„ ffŽ‘{­Learning‘TI’ƒ¡ôŸLÏ„ ffŽ’/ŠpChs.–T18,“19.1-19.4‘ß›ŸLÏ„ ffŽŽ¡ÌÍŸLÏ„ ff‘!÷ „ ffŽ‘N ŸLÏ„ ffŽ‘uyΟLÏ„ ffŽ‘{­Pro›ƒŽject–T2“due;“Pro˜ject“3“out‘;FYŸLÏ„ ffŽ’”hÛŸLÏ„ ffŽŽ¡ÌͤLÏ„ ff‘ÌΟü³16/15‘ ªE¡„ ffŽ‘(]r9‘!œŸLÏ„ ffŽ‘TM@17/18‘ ˜ŸLÏ„ ffŽ‘{­Learning–Tó/¼j‘¹ cmti9Úvia“ÏILP;“ZoAÇom¾9binis‘9WŸLÏ„ ffŽ’/ŠpCh.‘T21‘J%“ŸLÏ„ ffŽŽ¡ÌͤLÏ„ ff‘ÌΟü³16/17‘ ªE¡„ ffŽ‘(]r10‘|žŸLÏ„ ffŽ‘TM@19/20‘ ˜ŸLÏ„ ffŽ‘{­Comm•¾9unicating‘TAgen“ts‘NÌ´ŸLÏ„ ffŽ’/ŠpCh.‘T22‘J%“ŸLÏ„ ffŽŽ¡ÌͤLÏ„ ff‘ÌΟü³16/22‘ ªE¡„ ffŽ‘(]r11‘|žŸLÏ„ ffŽ‘TM@21/22‘ ˜ŸLÏ„ ffŽ‘{­RobAÇotics;–TMath“Ob‘ƒŽjection;“F‘ÿ:«uture‘#ZzŸLÏ„ ffŽ’/ŠpChs.–T25.1-25.4,26,“27‘ ÙŸLÏ„ ffŽŽ¦‰ff”œŸ‰ff”œŸ³1ÌÍŸLÏ„ ff‘!÷ „ ffŽ‘N ŸLÏ„ ffŽ‘uyΟLÏ„ ffŽ‘{­ÙFinal‘ŒÊExam–TÏ(Pro‘ƒŽject“3“due)‘6–ŸŸLÏ„ ffŽ’”hÛŸLÏ„ ffŽŽ¦‰ff”œŽŽŽŸy Ë7Ž‘LËGradingŽ©q‹¹There–ܰwill“bMÞe“t•²!w“o–ܰexams,›a“midterm“(25%)“and“a“ nal“(35%),˜as“w²!ell“as“three“programming“pro‘›»jectsޤ ™š(coun²!ting,›Ãkfrom–Šk rst“to“third,˜for“10%,˜15%,˜and“15%).‘‰ëAs“an“aid“to“studying,˜bMÞoth“a“practiceŽ¡midterm–;ûand“a“practice“ nal“will“bMÞe“proš²!vided“(on“the“w˜eb“site).‘ž›The“grading“of“pro‘›»jects“will“bMÞeŽ¡eminenš²!tly–ë†fair:‘€mI‘ëVdon't“expMÞect“studen˜ts“to“bšMÞecome“Lisp“exp˜erts“o•²!v“ernigh“t.‘Ÿ’I'm–ë†esp˜ecially“sensitiv²!e“toŽ¡the–ñc²!hallenge“of“shifting“from“a“prošMÞcedural“(=“imp˜erativ²!e)“mindset“in“programming,‘2Õto“a“functionalŽ¡or–V_declarativ²!e“mindset.‘íÇThere“will“ošMÞccasional“\p˜op“problems"“presen²!ted“during“lecture.‘íÇThoughŽ¡these–õproblems“will“not“ gure“in“grade“calculation,‘4Xstudenš²!ts“are“required“to“try“to“solv˜e“them“onŽ¡the–Dhonor“system.‘¶âThese“problems“are“designed“so“that“ev•²!ery“one–Dcan“solvš²!e“them“giv˜en“sucien˜tŽ¡e ort,‘«band–w0sucienš²!t“command“o˜v˜er“(R&N).“Also,‘«bas“part“of“the“author's“expMÞerimen˜tal“researc˜h,Ž¡studenš²!ts–írwill“bMÞe“confron˜ted“with“a“n˜um˜bMÞer“of“puzzles“(all“of“whic˜h“mak˜e“for“in˜teresting“test“casesŽ¡for–¦fclevš²!er“arti cial“agen˜ts).‘ÝÝPlease“appMÞeal“grades“b˜y“con˜tacting“me“in“pMÞerson.ŽŸ"€AË8Ž‘LËAcademic‘ffHonestŒÌyަ¹Studen•²!t-teac“her–ºrelationships“are“built“on“mš²!utual“respMÞect“and“trust.‘­ùStuden˜ts“m˜ust“bMÞe“able“to“trustŽ¡that–—îtheir“teacš²!hers“ha˜v˜e“made“respšMÞonsible“decisions“ab˜out“the“structure“and“con•²!ten“t–—îof“the“course,Ž¡and–£xthat“they're“conscienš²!tiously“making“their“bMÞest“e ort“to“help“studen˜ts“learn.‘ÜãT‘ÿeeac˜hers“m˜ust“bMÞeŽ¡able–Ç”to“trust“that“studenš²!ts“do“their“w˜ork“conscien˜tiously“and“honestly‘ÿe,‘Ïàmaking“their“bMÞest“e 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